10 Ways to Speak and Understand Rapid-Fire Italian

It is no secret that Italians speak fast. This is true with both their words and their gestures, so as someone who is learning Italian, how can you keep up with their rapid-fire speech? Here are 10 pieces of advice that have helped me speed up my spoken Italian and understand fast speech. Watch Italian TV The amount of Italian programming that is available to watch online is staggering. YouTube alone offers thousands of episodes of popular shows in Italy if you know what you’re looking for. You can start with an episode from the classic shows Un posto al sole or Il commissario Montalbano or go for something more modern like Alta Infedeltà  . If you prefer to watch shows with a television, many cable companies offer a special package for Italian programming. Watch a Movie Whether its Roberto Benignis poignant , a neo-realismo film by Roberto Rossellini, or a Federico Fellini fantasy, an Italian language movie is another great way to practice Italian. Youll hear Italian spoken by many different attori and train your ear at the same time. If you’re watching from a computer, you can find many Italian movies on Netflix, like Cinema Paradiso or La tigre e la neve. If you can, avoid the subtitles to give yourself more of a challenge. Read the Lyrics Love Parole, parole by Mina? Look up the testo (lyrics) to the song and sing along. You can also turn it into a translation exercise using dictionaries like Context-Reverso and WordReference. Some classic songs to check out are: Piazza grande - Lucio DallaQuesto piccolo grande amore - Claudio BaglioniMe so’mbriacato - Mannarino Listen to an Audiobook If you love reading books, but you know you need more practice listening, you can combine those two factors by finding an audiobook to listen to in Italian. If you’re not in Italy, these aren’t the easiest to find, but it is possible to find excerpts of your favorite books, like Harry Potter, on YouTube. Listen to Podcasts One of the best ways to make use of tempi morti (dead time) for practicing Italian is by listening to podcasts in your car or while you’re doing a task that doesn’t require much of your attention, like ironing. You can listen to a podcast aimed at students like Al Dente, or you can listen to shows made for native speakers. Check Out Your Library Italian novels, travel guides, and books that describe Italy are excellent ways to enrich your learning experience. Read a parallel-text version (Italian and English side-by-side) of such classics as La Divina Commedia or Machiavellis , or try reading more modern Italian literature from authors like Enzo Biagi, Umberto Eco, Rossana Campo, Susanna Tamaro, or Oriana Fallaci. Investigate Your Neighborhood Close the textbooks, turn off the TV, and go out to find Italian-speaking people or other Italian language students in your own neighborhood. In many large cities there are Italian cultural institutes such as the IIC - Los Angeles, the Istituto Italiano di Cultura - New York, and the Italian Cultural Society - Washington, DC, which have language exchange programs. You can also choose to join an Italian conversation group, often sponsored by bookstores or Italian American societies. You can also find local groups (or start your own!) using Meetup.com. Hire an Italian Attend a group class in person or take one-on-one instruction using a site like VerbalPlanet or Italki. The structure and routine, paired with your independent study, will help you develop a foundation for advancing quickly in the language. This is a great environment for receiving immediate feedback and being able to practice pronunciation, like learning how to roll your rrrs. Expand Your Vocabulary Studies show that one of the biggest reasons language students find it hard to keep up in a foreign language is because their vocabularies aren’t large enough, so as you read books, listen to podcasts, and go to classes, make sure to be constantly compiling and reviewing vocabulary. The key word here is â€Å"review†. Find a tool that uses spaced-time repetition, enter what you learn, and review it on a daily basis. Some available tools are Cram, Memrise, and Anki. Go to Italian-Speaking Places Youve always wanted to visit your grandmothers hometown in Sicily, and you’re ready to venture beyond the travel memoirs that keep you daydreaming during work. When you’re at an intermediate level, traveling to Italy (or any other Italian-speaking area) will be a 360 degree classroom encouraging you to accelerate your learning. Plus, if you not only will you get to see Roman ruins, Renaissance masterpieces, and Raffaellos paintings, but you can also make friends with the locals!

A History Of The World - 1811 Words

Jonathan Lund Mr. O’Donnell Period 3 16 December 2014 A History of the World in Six Glasses BEER 1. The discovery of beer is linked to the first civilizations because it led to the domestication of cereal grains, the development of farming, early migrations, and the development of river valley societies in Egypt and Mesopotamia. 2. The history of beer in the ancient world tells us that the early civilizations used beer from when they were born to when they died. Beer used to be a currency and a religious offering; in early civilizations they incorporated it into everyday life. 3. The sources the author uses include Egypt and Mesopotamia. He tells how beer helped Egypt in a multitude of ways as well as Mesopotamia. 4. The use for beer was†¦show more content†¦It was also much more expensive 2. The Greeks used wine in parties, and as a drink that was safer than water. They also used it medicinally, to clean wounds. 3. Wine developed a status symbol because only high social classed could attain it. Wine was very scarce, but eventually it spread among Greece and became more available. However, a lot of money was required for wine. 4. Wine was consumed to show power, it was done at parties and high class arrangements. Most people drank beer, but wine showed a sense of authority, as it was much harder to get than beer. 5. Wine differed in Rome from ancient Greece in many ways. Rome started to grow wine grapes instead of the Greeks grain. Also, the brand of the wine being consumed began to matter in Rome. 6. Wine had a lot to do with empire, medicine, and religion. Wine was associated with the rise and fall of empires. Wine lived on with Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire. Wine also spread religion. Medicine advanced because they found out that wine helped to clean wounds, killing the bacteria in them. SPIRITS 1. The origin of distilled spirits was in Cordoba, by the Arabs. They wanted the miracle medicine of wine travel better. 2. Spirits and colonization are connected in many ways. One of them being that spirits led to the distilling in New England. As well spirits became very popular in colonies and united people together. 3. The production of spirits is connected to

The Role of Leadership in Organizational Development Free Sample

Question: Dicuss about the Role of Leadership in Organizational Development. Answer: Leadership refers to the quality to influence others to follow his footsteps. Every organization requires a leader to show them the right path of success (Van Wart, 2013). Leadership plays crucial role in organizational success. Leadership is the combination of both research and practical skill that encourages the employees or other team members to work together to achieve the organizational goal. The idea of leadership has fuelled many debates. There is a conflict about the concept of leadership between United States and European countries (Moriano et al., 2014). US academic environments has analysed leadership as a procedure in which a person can provide efficient suggestion to a group of people and motivate them to work together to achieve a common target. According to some European report, leadership is a view of leaders that helps the team to not only achieve any common goal but also search for personal qualities. Leaders are responsible to monitor the performance graph of his t eam members. The performance level of all the employees is highly dependent on the quality of the leadership. According to some report, effective leaders must identify the goal of the organization and influence the employees to give their best performance to establish a better future for the organization (Moriano et al., 2014). One of the key qualities of leadership is to encourage the productivity of the organization. It is evident that a person who provides effective advice to his team during any crisis to overcome the turbulence later on recognized as the leader of the group. In this competitive era, organizations are setting new goals every now and then to beat their rivals. Thus, every organization requires an efficient leader to enhance the productivity of their organization.Leaders are expected to provide enthusiastic and friendly environment to his subordinates. It will motivate the team members to contribute in the success of the organization (Paustian-Underdahl,Walker Woeh r, 2014). The below mentioned article reviews the nature of leadership. It emphasises on the impact of leadership on the organizational culture and decision-making process. It has enlightened all the aspect of leadership that helps the organizations to meet their desired target. The study of leadership has become crucial subject in last few decades. Recently some experts have claimed that leadership is a complete organization that research the goal of the organization, implement required strategies and tactics and influence other members to participate in the process of achieving the target. Leadership can be defined as the action to lead an organization or a group (Kollenscher et al., 2016). Some reports claim leadership is the social exchange between the leaders and followers. Merton has described leadership as the transaction between the leaders and his followers. As opined by some analysts, leaders are like other members of the group, but the quality of influencing team members distinguishes him from others. The two primary leadership approaches are traitist and situationist. There is conflict among the analysts about leadership. According to some analysts, leadership is based on some specific traits of the leader. On the contrary, Gibb (1988) has stated that leadership quality of the organization is dependent on the situation. There are many leadership theories that concentrated on fundamental nature of leadership. The four key leadership theories are- great man theory, trait theory, behavioural theory, contingency theory, transactional theory, transformational theory (Cheng et al., 2014). Leadership quality can be defined as a personal quality. This quality distinguishes leaders from other team members. Some famous qualities of effective leadership are: Leadership is highly dependent on the followers. A leader will not be able to perform his responsibility without his followers. Main objective of leadership is to identify the primary objective of the organization and adopt required strategies and techniques to the organization, influence others to participate in the the process (Lumby, 2013). Leadership is the process in which a person influence other member of his group to work together to achieve the common goal. They provide a healthy atmosphere to their employees so they can work properly (Silzer et al., 2016). It will influence the employees to give their best performance to establish a better future for the organization. The success of every organization is greatly dependent on the quality of leadership. An effective leader plays an important role in enhancing the growth of the organization. On the other hand, an active team can also fail to achieve the expected target due to the poor performance of the team leader. The leadership styles are based on different situation (Silzer et al., 2016). Several leaders perform differently under various situations. Leadership is not similar to bossism or management. Leaders are also a member of the group. They are not beyond the rules. However, their quality to influence and motivate others differentiates them from the rest of the group. Leadership is a function to stimulate the followers to participate in the development of the organization (Mihalache et al., 2014). Effective leaders always motivate their employees to sharpen their skills to enhance the productivity level of the organization. It is considered as one of the key nature of leadership. Efficient leaders always actively participate in the production process of the organization. Leaders must be able to accept all the responsibilities willingly in every situation. They must realize their responsibility towards the organization or the group. They must be loyal towards and dedicated towards the organization (Kollenscher et al., 2016). It will increase the effectiveness of their leadership and enhance the growth of the organization. Leadership is the quality of implementing vision in reality. An efficient leader must have the potential to turn their big ideas into reality (Kollenscher et al., 2016). It is not enough to make strategies; efficient leaders always look after the opportunities to implement their strategies into the practical world. Leaders must play the role of friend, philosopher and guide (Prakash et al., 2015). Good leaders always encourage their subordinates to learn new technologies and new practices. They know the value of learning. They always discuss about their experience and achievements with their team member to motivate them and boost their moral values. Followers are often motivated by the personality and behaviour of their leaders. Leaders play dual role. Effective leaders always stand by the side of their employees in all the circumstances and they support their organization as well. They influence their employees to provide their best performance for the betterment of the organization and the always look after the benefits of their subunits (Day et al., 2014). Effective leaders always encourage their employees by appreciating them. Many organizations offer bonus, insurance to their staffs to boost their performance (Dinh et al., 2014). They know the value of appreciation. It is one of the most important qualities of strong leadership. Leaders must offer their employees incentives, bonus and some extra leaves to make them feel as an essential part of the organization. Leaders possess the right to monitor the performance of the team members. They must review the performance of their employees and identify their mistake so it does not destroy the productivity of the organization (Hoch Kozlowski, 2014). Good leaders concentrate on the strengths of their team members. It does not mean they avoid their flaws. However, discussion about the positive qualities of the employees increases the confidence level among the employees (Leroy et al., 2015). It enhances the productivity of the organization. Efficient leaders always stand by the side of their organization in every crisis. It is often evident that leaders play crucial role to deal with difficult situation (Antonakis House, 2014). An exemplary example of this type of leadership is the TD industries. In 1980, while all the banks of Texas was experiencing massive crisis, TD industries was one of them. However, the leaders managed to tackle the situation by taking an innovative initiative. As there was a lack of fund, company offered their staffs a defined retirement plan and asked them to invest their money into their organization. Employees followed the instruction of the management and provided them 30% more from the companys expectation. This unique and sincere step of the leader helped the organization to deal with the crisis and provided them sufficient fund to stabilize the company("Mechanical Construction and Facility Services | TDIndustries", 2017). Effective leadership signifies a strong relation between the leader and his subordinates. Great leaders pay close attention to the problems of the team members. They include some strategies and policies like zero tolerance policy, sexual harassment policy to influence the participation of the employees in the organization (Bergh et al., 2016). Addressing every employees individually is the sign of a strong and transparent leadership. Great leaders often discuss with the subordinates about their work experience. It is can be seen in many organization that leaders provide some valuable advice to their employees about their personal life or health related issues. They refer them to another source that can be useful for the employees to give trauma support, financial support, counselling. An exemplary example of such organization is Canyon Coal. The leaders of this organization is very much concerned about the well-being of their employees (Canyon Coal. 2017). There are five primary styles of leadership, they are- Laissez- Faire, Autocratic, Participative, Strategic, Team leadership, Transactional, Transformational, cross-cultural, facilitative leadership. These leadership styles influence the organizational development and decision-making process differently (LussierAchua, 2015). In Laissez- Faire leadership leaders do not provide their regular feedback to their subordinates and do not supervise them properly. The employees with high experience and quality will be able to survive under this type of leadership (Tourish, 2014). However, not every employees of an organization possesses these high qualities. This type of leadership is harmful for the growth of the organization. This style of leadership hinders the productivity. This leads the organization to meet an awful consequence. Leaders do not interfere in employees activity. This leadership style is based on Behavioural theory of leadership, as this leadership style is influenced by the behaviour of the leaders. The lazy or distracted behaviour of the leaders do not allow him to participate in the decision making process of the team. Leaders often overlook many activities of the group due to such practices. An exemplary example of Laissez-Faire leadership style was US President Theodore Roosevelt under who se leadership the Panama Canal project was about to develop. The Canal was expected to start in 1914. The idle nature of the leader did not allow the project to complete. Autocratic leadership style can defined as a process in which a manager makes decision alone. Other members of the team cannot participate in the decision making process (Mihalache et al., 2014). They are bound to obey the decision of the manager. No one can question the decision of the leader. They are not provided any kind of platform to share their view over any issue related to the decision of the manager. This type of leadership is not beneficial for organizational development. Employees dissatisfaction can be increased due to this type of leadership that encourages violation among the team members (Bergh et al., 2016). Theis leadership style concentrates on the behavioural theory of leadership. The dominating nature of the leader leads him to take any organizational decision without consulting with other team members. The behavioural theory has analysed various behaviour or nature of leaders that influences their leadership style. This leadership style is highly influenced by t he nature of the manager. Hitler and Nepoleon Bonaparte was one of the famous examples of Autocratic leader. Participative Leadership is also known as Democratic Leadership. Leaders in this type of leadership frequently meet with their team members to discuss about the strategies and policies of the organization. This type of leadership encourages the employees to participate in the organisational development (Colbert, Barrick Bradley, 2014). It influences the moral value of the team members and makes them feel as an important part of the organization. As leaders in participative leadership discuss about the decision with their staffs before implementing any new strategy, it helps the team members to accept the changes easily. Participative leadership is considered as one of the effective leadership style but it faces difficulties in making decision within a short span of time, as managers do not get much time to discuss with their team about the decision. This type of leadership style is also a part of the behavioural theory. The nature of the manager influence him to to discuss about the new strategies and practices with his subordinates. John. F. Kennedy was a perfect example of Democratic leader. He had influenced the whole world by the unique leadership style. Indra Nooyi, the CEO of PepsiCo is an example of participative leader. She always maintains a healthy relation with her subordinates and often meet with them to discuss about emerging projects and several other issues. Strategic leadership refers to a leadership procedure where leaders fill the gap between the requirement of change and requirement of practicality by their creativity (Wang et al., 2014). This type of leadership is not only restricted to the top position of the organization, people who possess the quality of strategic thinking can become effective and efficient leader in strategic leadership. This type of leadership can be effective to meet any specific goal. Bill Gates is a famous example of Strategic Leadership. His strategies have led Microsoft to become the most renowned brand in computing world. Due to his efficient leadership Microsoft still offers a wide range of products and services to its consumers worldwide. Leaders provide a clear picture of future of the organization and share their vision with their team members (Parris Peachey, 2013). This practice helps the subunits to identify the objective and right direction. Leaders discuss about their vision about the future of the organization, it helps to create a strong bonding with the employees. However, it is also evident that team leadership fails to achieve the target. According to Harvard Business Review, team leadership can fail due to the poor performance of the manager. An exemplary example of team leader is Angela Markel. She is well-known as the most effective leader European leader and chancellor for six decades. Leaders in transactional leadership style maintain two-way relation with their employees. In this type of leadership, leader and his team set a common goal. In order to achieve that goal, they willingly work together. During this procedure, leaders appreciate their subordinates for their performance, or sometime they can scold them as well for their mistakes. Such practices will motivate the staffs to give their best performance to meet the target successfully. Leaders in this type of leadership conduct different training programmes to provide a transparent picture of organizational policies and objectives (Shatzer et al., 2014). Such practices increase the quality of the employees performance and restrict them to be involved in any kind of unethical activities. In this type of leadership leaders, possess the right to review the performance of their team member and make important corrections to enrich their performance. Employees often receive many rewards like bonus, incentives due to their remarkable performance. An example of transactional leadership is Starbuck. Starbucks is one of the renowned organizations in the world and well known for its phenomenal treatment of employees. They consider their employees as a key element of their organization. They always try to match the expectation level of the employees. They frequently offer insurance, bonus, incentives to their employees. The organization has gone through a rough patch in 1997 when some of its employees were killed in robbery in one of its stores of Washington D.C. The CEO Howard Schultz took a remarkable step to fight with the obstacle. He went to Washing D. C and he was there for the entire week. He stood by the side of the employee's family and provided all kind of supports. The company successfully fought against the crisis under the strong leadership of Schultz. Being a responsible leader, Schultz helped his organization to deal with the massacre("Starbucks", 2017).It is an example of contingen cy leadership theory, as Howard Schultz, the CEO has set an example of smart leadership by taking this unique decision in the period of massive crisis. Transformational leadership style focuses on the communication between the leaders and their followers. In this type of leadership leaders maintain a healthy communication withtheir team members to motivate them to achieve the goal (Bergh et al., 2016).Many analysts claim that effective communication is beneficial for organizational growth. Leaders often follow effective communication strategies to motivate their team members. They use various communication tools to interact with the team, such as- group discussion, podcasts, blog, social network. This type of leadership is very much beneficial to enhance the productivity of the organization (McCleskey, 2014). It provides a platform to the employees to share their opinion about an issue. This type of leadership demands effective participation of managers. Effective communication increases the transparency level within the organization. Southwest Airlines is U.S based airline. It is well known for its low-cost carrier. Southwest has s tarted its journey in 1967. The airline has workforce of 53000 employees. It is one of the most preferred airline companies among the customer. It is renowned for its efficient customer service. Southwest always plays a significant role in maintaining the expectation level of their customers. During the 9/11 terrorist attack, all the airlines have experienced massive crisis. They were asked to stop their service until the country recovered from the crisis. Southwest authority took a notable initiative during this period. The employees of Southwest are asked by the authority to take their passengers to movies to entertain them. After the 9/11 attack, Airline companies were forced to terminate their employees. Within the three days of the terrorist attack, Southwest authority declared that they would retain all their employees. As opined by the James Parker, CEO of Southwest, Southwest preserves strong business principles. It helped them to take sincere steps during this crisis ("Sout hwest Airlines Airline Tickets, Flights, and Airfares", 2017). The CEO of Southwest has followed the transformational theory. He communicated about the problem with his employees and assured them about their job. Another example of transformational leadership is IBM. In this modern era, the use of social networking sites and blogs has become an integral part of our life. At the time when business blogging was new to the business world, IBM embraced the change and encouraged their employees to start blogging. They introduced a new policy for the employees to encourage them to share their views on any issue. It influenced the productivity of the organization. IBM always welcomes new technologies. It increases the satisfaction level of their employees and the stakeholders ("Ibm.com", 2017). The facilitative leadership is based on the outcome of the performance. Leaders in this type of leadership influence the group to function properly and enhance their skills (DInnocenzo, Mathieu Kukenberger, 2016)). They monitor the performance graph of their subordinates and identify their flaws. It is the responsibility of the leader to identify flaws of the employees and encourage them to rectify their mistakes to give quality service to the organization. It is responsibility of the leader to develop the skill of the employees. Abraham Lincoln is a famous example of Facilitative leadership. He is well known for his influential leadership style and motivating nature. As per the previous discussion, it can be stated leaders are one of the keypart of every organization. They play most crucial role in the success of their organization. In this competitive era, while every organization is giving their best performance to survive in the race they need the guidance of an efficient leader who can show them the right path to achieve their goal. Leaders must possess some basic qualities like determination, responsible, efficiency, effectiveness, so they can motivate them to achieve the target. The main objective of the leader is to lead his or her organization towards the right direction. They are responsible to describe everyone about their role in the organization. They are the representatives of the organization. Good leaders always encourage their subordinates to give their best performance for the betterment of the organization. They work as a friend, philosopher and guide of their team members. There are many theories that define the basic nature of leadership. These theories have enlightened all the aspects of a good and effective leadership. Different leadership styles influence the decision making process of the organization and performance of the employees in different manner. It is seen in the last few years leaders of some leading organizations have brought revolutionary changes in their organization through their effective and efficient leadership. They provide all the supports to their organization to overcome many obstacles. They have set an example of successful leadership. Reference: Antonakis, J., House, R. J. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformationaltransactional leadership theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), 746-771. Bergh, D. D., Aguinis, H., Heavey, C., Ketchen, D. J., Boyd, B. K., Su, P., ...Joo, H. (2016). Using meta?analytic structural equation modeling to advance strategic management research: Guidelines and an empirical illustration via the strategic leadership?performance relationship.Strategic Management Journal,37(3), 477-497. Canyon Coal. (2017) Canyon Coal (Pty) Ltd. Cheng, B. S., Boer, D., Chou, L. F., Huang, M. P., Yoneyama, S., Shim, D., ... Tsai, C. Y. (2014). Paternalistic leadership in four East Asian societies: Generalizability and cultural differences of the triad model.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,45(1), 82-90. Colbert, A. E., Barrick, M. R., Bradley, B. H. (2014). Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), 351-387. DInnocenzo, L., Mathieu, J. E., Kukenberger, M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis of different forms of shared leadershipteam performance relations.Journal of Management,42(7), 1964-1991. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., McKee, R. A. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 63-82. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 36-62. Hoch, J. E., Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), 390. IBM - United Kingdom. (2017). Ibm.com. Ibm.com. (2017). Ibm.com. Kollenscher, E., Popper, M., Ronen, B. (2016). Value-creating organizational leadership.Journal of Management Organization, 1-21. Leroy, H., Anseel, F., Gardner, W. L., Sels, L. (2015). Authentic leadership, authentic followership, basic need satisfaction, and work role performance: A cross-level study.Journal of Management,41(6), 1677-1697. Lumby, J. (2013). Distributed leadership: The uses and abuses of power.Educational Management Administration Leadership,41(5), 581-597. Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015).Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Mechanical Construction and Facility Services | TDIndustries. (2017). TD Industries. Mihalache, O. R., Jansen, J. J., Van den Bosch, F. A., Volberda, H. W. (2014). Top management team shared leadership and organizational ambidexterity: A moderated mediation framework.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,8(2), 128-148. Moriano, J. A., Molero, F., Topa, G., Mangin, J. P. L. (2014). The influence of transformational leadership and organizational identification on intrapreneurship.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,10(1), 103-119. Parris, D. L., Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts.Journal of business ethics,113(3), 377-393. Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., Walker, L. S., Woehr, D. J. (2014). Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators. Prakash, A., Hritier, A., Koremenos, B., Brousseau, E. (2015). Organizational Leadership and Collective Action in International Governance: An Introduction.Global Policy,6(3), 234-236. Shatzer, R. H., Caldarella, P., Hallam, P. R., Brown, B. L. (2014). Comparing the effects of instructional and transformational leadership on student achievement: Implications for practice.Educational Management Administration Leadership,42(4), 445-459. Silzer, R., Church, A. H., Rotolo, C. T., Scott, J. C. (2016). IO Practice in Action: Solving the Leadership Potential Identification Challenge in Organizations.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,9(4), 814-830. Southwest Airlines Airline Tickets, Flights, and Airfares. (2017). Southwest.com. Starbucks. (2017). Starbucks Coffee Company. Tourish, D. (2014). Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory.Leadership,10(1), 79-98. TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE. (2017). TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE. Van Wart, M. (2013). Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders.Public Administration Review,73(4), 553-565. Wang, H., Sui, Y., Luthans, F., Wang, D., Wu, Y. (2014). Impact of authentic leadership on performance: Role of followers' positive psychological capital and relational processes.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(1), 5-21.

Housing Crisis and Architectural Solutions in Auckland City

Question: Discuss about the Housing Crisis and Architectural Solutions in Auckland City. Answer: Introduction: The main problem identified in Auckland City is the housing crisis due to insufficiency of houses for despite the growing population. The cost is too much besides poorly designed and poor quality existing housing stock. Despite New Zealands renowned for high-end architecturally designed houses, the architects involvement in designing affordable houses or homes has remained minimal (Ng 2011). The facts have shown a rising cost of Auckland house prices at a double-digit rates yearly relative to less than five percent growth rate of the rest of the country. The Auckland city has a severe inadequacy of housing along with the issues of pricing. Indeed, despite 8,000 new homes per year, the city will still have a shortage of sixty thousand homes by 2020 which even doubles the current shortage (Ng 2011). Architectural Solutions Architectures can fix the crisis by dedicating the design-led public or private partnership. This will be done by integrating housing, landscape, urban design as well as social infrastructure (Melbourne 2016). Also, a well-designed, affordable medium-density housing will help architectures mitigate the crisis in Auckland city (Melbourne 2016). The architecturally-designed medium-density housing will also be viable, affordable as well as architecturally appealing alternative in a rising space limited region. References Arbury, J., 2005. From Urban Sprawl to Compact CityAn analysis of urban growth management in Auckland. Unpublished Thesis, Auckland University, Auckland. Melbourne, A., 2016. A roof over ones head: housing crises in Auckland, London and New York. Architecture Now , pp. 1-4. : https://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/a-roof-over-ones-head-housing-crises-in-auckland-london-and-new-york/ Ng, T., 2011. New Urbanism in Auckland.

Case Analysis â€In Basket Exercise

Introduction An in basket exercise is a test used to check if administrators and senior managers have the ability to plan, organize and manage different activities and delegate responsibilities to the most competent assistants. In the test, the candidate is expected to respond to letters, emails, memos, telephone messages, fax and other communiquà © at his desk within a stipulated period of time (Stillman 23).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Analysis –In Basket Exercise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The test is usually administered to managers in the public and private sector (University of British Columbia 1). The candidate is given a limited time to respond to urgent matters and this requires that one develop a plan of action, set priorities on the different tasks, evaluate the task and make tradeoffs and give a rationale for selecting a given task (Public Service Commission of Canada 4). D escription of the case study In this case study, I.M Trubble is the Assistant Deputy Minister for Immigration in the republic of Canada. After returning from a trip, Trubble finds 16 urgent letters and memos that need to be addressed within a short duration. The letters require her attention on various matters. These matters are classified as: Drafting letters and speeches for the minister Departmental roles such as approving travel and leave application Personal matters such as attending the divorce proceedings All these matters need her urgent attention but not all these tasks can be performed at the same time. At the moment, she cannot delegate these roles as her two assistant are not within the premises. This means that Mrs. Trubble has to perform a critical analysis of all the tasks so as to prioritize the main tasks and delegate others at a later date. In the case study, Mrs. Trubble must perform all the activities on Sunday evening. In order to make these decisions and set priorities, an evaluation of the tradeoff between different activities must be done Determining and Classifying Items The first step is to determine the nature of all the 16 items in the waiting lists. This was done by listing all the items and classifying these items into three categories. A study of all the 16 items indicate that there are four persistent issues that need to be addressed by the assistant minister, these are Refugees operations being handled by the minister Visit by the head of state Other issues such as fraud Personal issues such as the divorce proceedings Table 1 below shows the classification of all the items into the different themesAdvertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theme Item/letter number Details Actions required Refugees operations 4 Letter to Manama prepared by administrative assistant Read, verify and send the letter back to the assistan t for posting 1 Letter from Latin Americans Draft letter accepting the invitation to the conference to be held in July. 7 Explanation for lost commodities Prepare answers/explanation for the loss. This is a serious matter that has tainted the image of the ministry. 13 Letter addressing refugees plight Requires a letter drafted for the minster to sign 15 Letter about the immigrants from Nicaragua Requires action by office to guarantee safety of the refugees in Canada. Visit by head of state 3 Invitation to dinner Note on the dairy and draft memo to the assistants who will prepare for the event. 6 Prime minister speech Prepare notes for a short speech to be made by the prime minister. The meeting by the president is very important Other official matters 2 Note members on leave Note the members of the department who are on leave. This matter can be delegated to the operation assistant when he returns. 5 Study an make a report on treasury board estimates preparation Prep are a report with reactions and comments. 8 Preparing the travel report. Prepare travel report –can be delegated to the operations assistant when he resumes. 9 Fraud case notification Note the issues, no immediate action required–can be done by assistants when they resume. 10 Public service commissioning on 25thJune Require the assistant minister to attend. The role must be delegated as there is another important meeting on the same date. 11 Notification of those travelling abroad Note the names and dates –can be delegated to the administrative assistant who can deal with the issue later. Personal issues 12 Divorce proceeding Must attend hearing. The meeting is on the same date and time as a crucial crisis meeting with the minister. 14 Letter from Hamburg Notification- not urgent and important Priorities list In order to draw the action plan, it was necessary that a priorities list be created. This list documented the main activities and determine d if they were urgent or important. Important activities are those that results to one attaining personal goals and aspirations and must be handled by the senior manager (Henry 10). The important activities in this case were crucial crises meeting and instructions from the minister’s offices. Under urgent matters were those tasks requiring immediate attention and were considered imperative to the success of the assistant minister. A priority table, classifying items based on their importance and urgency was prepared (Denhardt 54). This table is shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1 From the diagram, the activities in the top right Conner are critical and should be performed first. This is because they are both important and urgent. They should be followed by important but less urgent matters; that is, activities in the top left portion of the graph (Watson 143). Duties considered to be urgent but less important should then follow. Lastly, those activities which are less importan t and urgent should be handled. From the figure 1, the most urgent and important activities are the president’s visit, preparation of ministers speech notes and to prepare a response to the questions on of stolen items. These items are crucial and should be addressed first. The next activities are those that are important but less urgent. They include: seminar with Latin Americans, leave application, travel reports, refugee issues in Central America and the fraud case. These issues should be addressed after critical issues. Next are the less important but urgent matters. They include: Trubble divorce proceedings, and the languages bureau meeting. Lastly, there are the less urgent and less important issues such as meeting with Von during lunch time. These activities can be ignored or cancelled Based on the priorities list, the order of attending issues is shown in table 2 attached at the appendix.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Analysis â€⠀œIn Basket Exercise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Priorities and tradeoff In terms of priorities, the roles to the minister were given more priority. This is because Mrs. Trubble is the assistant minister and failure to deliver the assigned roles would affect the functionality and integrity of the whole ministry. For example, if Mrs. Trubble did not prepare a report to address the stolen materials required on Monday morning, then the whole ministry would be touted as corrupt by media. This would affect her career and performance. Also, the ministerial speech to welcome the president was not prepared, then, the president would receive a poor welcome and this would affect the ministry. In this regard, these activities were given the first priority. During the preparation of the priority list, several tradeoffs had to be done. For example, on Monday June 25, Mrs. Trubble had the following meetings: Attend a meeting with the minister to answer question about stolen items Attend a language bureau meeting Attend the court as instructed by the royal magistrate For this role, tradeoff had to be done. The most important and crucial activity was to attend the meeting with the minister. The consequence was that by doing so, Mrs. Trubble had to ignore the court order summoning her to appear in court. However, the consequences of not attending the court case are not a severe as failing to fulfill her ministerial responsibilities. Another tradeoff is the fact that Mrs. Trubble had to deal with is the sensitive issue of refugees concerns and other departmental duties. If she addressed refuges matters before the departmental roles, then the departmental activities may delay or are mismanaged. Addressing the refugee’s issues should be a primary concern as opposed to other departmental duties. Preservation of human life and averting hunger and death are paramount to attending departmental roles. To prevent the depart ment from mismanagement, Mrs. Trubble should delegate non sensitive departmental roles to his administrative and operation assistance. A cross-examination of the departmental activities also reveals that most roles don’t need immediate attention. Thus, the tradeoff between refugee’s activities and departmental roles is not likely to affect the department. In terms of the departmental and ministerial duties, the ministerial duties were given priority to departmental issues. This tradeoff required Mrs. Trubble to deal with duties delegated by the minister first and then deal with departmental roles.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Again, the tradeoff did not have a big negative impact as most of the departmental roles could be delegated to the assistant. It was also noted that most departmental issues were not very sensitive as compared to the duties allocated by the minister. Another tradeoff was made during the assigning of roles to her assistants. It is important that the assistants are given jobs matching their education and skills. Very sensitive and crucial issue should be handled by the assistant minister. The decision to delegate some activities therefore involves a tradeoff between perfect work done by the assistance minister and the work done by her assistants. Action plan The action plan will comprise of all the major activities to be undertaken by the assistant minister within the next 24 hours. The action plan has the main activities and the specific time for performing these activities. The action plan also shows the person delegated to perform the given task. Table 3 in the appendix section sho ws the action plan developed. Conclusions and recommendations In this analysis, the main tasks assigned to Mrs. Trubble were prioritized and an action plan drawn. This was based on the evaluation of the different roles and setting the priorities based on the tradeoff between different actions. All activities were grouped into themes and the consequences of each action identified. Based on these consequences, a tradeoff was made. Activities with the greatest priorities had the largest negative consequences and were addressed first. Activities with the least negative implications were performed last. This prioritization is important in scheduling complex office activities which often overlap. Works Cited Denhardt, Robert. Public Administration: An Action Orientation, Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Henry, Nicholas. Public Administration Public Affairs, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson publishers, 2012. Print. Public Service Commission of Canada, 2010, Testing in the Publi c Service of Canada.  Web. Stillman, Richard. Public Administration: Concepts and Cases, Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. University of British Columbia, 2010, Testing: In Basket Testing. 2013. Web. Watson, Robert. Public Administration: Cases in Managerial Role-Playing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson publishers, 2010. Print. Appendices Table 2: The major activities classified in terms of priorities GROUP ACTIVITIES LISTED IN ORDER Critical activities 1) Prepare answers for the crucial meeting to be held on Monday June 25 (item 7). 2) Preparation of minister’s speech (item 6). 3) Reply the minister’s letter on Nicaragua refugees (item 15). 4) Take note of the fraud case details (item 9). 5) prepare a reply to the minster’s letter (city of Windsor letter)(item 13). Important but less urgent 6) Sign Mrs. Perez letter and place it in out tray (item 4) 7)Take note of those on leave(item 2). 8) Take note of people travelling abroad (item 11). 9) Prepare travel report (item 8). 10) Confirm attendance of Latin American meeting (item 1). 11) Attend president dinner on June 27 (item 3). Less important but urgent 12) Attend divorce proceedings (item 12). 13) Attend the languages bureau (item 10). Less important and urgent activities 14) Prepare appraisal for the manual (item 5). 15) Respond to Mr. Von Giestlos lunch invitation (item 14). Table 3: Priorities List Item Action /delegate Time 7 Mrs. Trubble should prepare notes to answer questions on stolen items during the meeting. Sunday 7.30-8.30 6,11, 9,3 Mrs. Trubble to prepare the ministers speech and note the dinner date. She should also note the fraud case in item 9. 8.30-9.00 15,13,4 Mrs. Trubble should draft letters as requested by the minister. She should also read, approve and sign Mrs. Perez letter in item 4. 9.00-10.00 2,11,8 Mrs. Trubble to write a memo delegating roles in item 2, 11 and 8 to the operation assistant. 10.00-10.20 1,5,10 Mrs. Trubbl e to draft a memo authorizing administration assistance to deal with issues in items 1, 5 and 10. 10.20-10.40 12, 14 Trubble to ask lawyers to represent her in the divorce case. She should also call Von to postpone the lunch date. 10.40-11.00 Attend crucial meeting with the minister Monday 9.30 am This case study on Case Analysis –In Basket Exercise was written and submitted by user Alfonso Fletcher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sony Corp. Business Case study

Sony Corp. Business Case study Free Online Research Papers In an economy that thrives thoroughly on technology and progression itself, there are many companies that have taken advantage of the opportunities that have been offered to them through science. Because of the continuous growth in technology, companies have been able to find ways to further their success by offering competitive products and service. One company, in particular, that has taken full advantage of this feature is Sony. This company alone has had tremendous success because of their strategic ways of thinking and their unbelievable talent in taking advantage of every ounce of new technology that is able to be utilized. But also by taking advantage of online commerce or e-commerce Sony has grown greatly. The history of the Sony world is an excellent indication of how much work and time has been put into developing the nation’s leading supplier of the electronic world. Sony shocked the world when they released the first ever CD player. They dropped jaws when they introduced this device that could play music and was also conveniently portable. After this brilliant experience the founder of Sony, Tsurushima decided that it wasn’t enough. He and his colleagues set off immediately to find a way to create yet another compact disk player that not only would do the same thing, but also be smaller, and more affordable. Being able to cut down the costs of the semi-conductors used, and the optical pickup device, were the two key ingredients that would launch Sony into profit. The countless claims of impossibility only catapulted these dedicated employees further into the want and need for a better device. Finally, in 1983 despite all the negative remarks and doubts, Sony ca me up with the exact technology that it would take to build and create a CD player that was one-tenth the size of its predecessor, and almost half the cost. Once again, the drive for success and satisfaction forced Sony to create yet another device, this one even better than the last. They called it the â€Å"d-50† and it is known as the world’s first portable CD player; (Business the). Sony always has been the best in the industry for cutting size, and they continue to be the force to be reckoned with as they proceed to launch the hottest, most dynamic technologically advanced products on the market today. The Sony Corporation of America, based in New York City, proves to be the leading manufacturer in audio, video, communications, and technology products both on a consumer, and a business basis ;(SONY). Sony provides its consumers with entertainment and business based products that always prove to be the best in quality and service. From music, to movies, games, computers, downloads, and anything else you need to be satisfied, Sony is there to make life itself easier. The main headquarters of the Sony Corporation is not based in the U.S. because the founders and head CEO’s of this company are based in Japan. Their service is not only found in America but is also found world-wide. With companies such as Sony Electronics, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment, and Sony BMG Music Entertainment, this company is obviously close to the best at marketing and commercializing their products in a general sense. They have re-defined the meaning of customer satisf action and guaranteed cooperation with valuable service. All Sony products are compatible, easy to use, practical, and affordable because Sony’s focus is not on how to make the products better; it is strictly on how to make the product good enough for the consumer to purchase. Sony employs approximately 158,500 people world-wide who are all dedicated to the same goals. Their company is stacked with hundreds of perfectionists whose goal is to make the product the right way, every time. They do their best and they perform to the top of their ability all the time. Dedicated employees and an everlasting drive for efficiency is why Sony makes an average of 64 billion dollars a year. Sony has proved to be a powerhouse in the majority of their companies in the industries that they’re involved in. They have been successful innovators for the highest level of technology and growth. In the electronics field alone, Sony Electronics inc. have snowballed into being one of the most detailed, and graphically brilliant companies there is. In September of 1995, Sony entered the gaming system world with the extremely popular Playstation. They sold over 100 million units, 16 million over the internet; (Sony Style). Playstation was only the beginning to this thriving industry of the gaming world. Sony continues to release new and improved versions of playstation. Everyone knows that whenever a Sony gaming system is released, it becomes and instant hit with consumers. People line up weeks in advance for the newest product Sony has mustered up. They pay strict attention to when their product will be released, how it will be released, how it does against the compe titors, and also how much it sells. Sony works so hard in the gaming industry to release countless amounts of technology and skill into their products. Talent and time is put into every Sony system on the market to guarantee that you get the very best things out there. As soon as a new technology scheme is found, Sony is the first one to the labs. They begin to create something tremendous. The Ps3, which is the newest system released by Sony, had been a work in progress for almost 5 years. New chips and memory spaces were added to the already glorified Playstation 2. Sony builds and creates their products until they have a finished product that is breathtaking. Once this product is released, they continue the cycle over and over again to stay on top of their game and ensure that their customers and consumers in general are getting the very best from the technology field. In the future, I see Sony as being exactly what they are today. Sony is the company that people rely on to technologically feed them. They are the source of diversity and wealth in an entertainment sense. Sony has mastered the fine art of consumer interest and they continue to remain at the top of their game. They guarantee that you will be happy with the products they produce, because they are constantly changing. Who knows what Sony will come up with next? Whether it is in music, games, movies, devices, hand-helds, or E-books; (Sony the Private.) Sony is a definite success in any field they are involved in. With the latest and most affordable way to apply and create new technology, this company is sure to meet their customer’s demands. There are endless possibilities for Sony just for their Playstation products alone, not counting all the other masteries they have created in music and television. Sony has pretty much commercialized the technology world into a field where growth, communication, profit, and business are all reasonable values. Sony will continue to shrink and improve the majority of their products for continuous profit and interest of consumers. There is literally no end to the countless innovations and skills that there dedicated employees can come up with. Sony literally is technology of the future. Now that Sony has become such a world leader in technology that they have also learned that with that title there comes many complications. Lawsuits are something every large company has to worry about. People are sue happy which means that people will find any way possible to sue a company for anything. To help protect Sony from this they have spent millions on trying to follow every legal or civil law there is in every country they are in.( Sony .net) One example is making sure that the people they hire are all treated and hired in the same manner, so that no discrimination charge could be filed against them. Due to of all of the time and man power that Sony has put into this, they have become one of the best companies to work for. On the financial side of Sony their market shares and sales for the fiscal year of 2008 have increased dramatically. Their operation income for motion pictures has increased by 26.5%, (Sony.COM) this is because of more contracts to produce movies all around the world has increased. No longer are they in just America for the movie business they now are also producing motion pictures in India, Japan, China, and even England. Also Sony’s operation income from electronics has increased 121.8% over last year, (Sony.com). This is mostly because of the higher sales in PSP or playstation portables and in the higher sales in the Playstation 3, also because of the battery change policy is up from past years; where Sony replaced all of the faulty batteries in laptops for free, at a cost to the company of 15 Billion yen. The Sony Corporation is all around the world and is doing extremely well in every market place. Some of the company’s strengths included electronics, in which they are one of the world’s biggest producers of electronic equipment in the world, and because of this there aren’t many high up competitors that can compete with Sony. This is also because any time Sony begins to get a competitor in any of the fields they deal in, Sony normally try’s to buy that company and add it to Sony’s corporation. As of right now Sony does not have any real difficulties in any field they are involved in. This is mainly because the company has not tried to venture into any new fields in such a long time. Sony feels that it would be unwise to join a field of development that it doesn’t currently work in. The lack of competition in their current fields of expertese and high risks associated with new technology keeps Sony happy where they are. The Sony Corporation is still one of the best corporations to work for especially in electronics and is definitely a company that is making huge profits and success. References 1. Http://www.sony.com/sca/index.shtml 2. Http://www.sonystyle.com/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity’eCS/store/en/-/USD/Default-star 3. Http://www.sony.net/Fun.SH/1-21/h1.html 4. Sony, by Nathan, John; Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, New York 10003 5. Business the Sony way, John Wiley Sons; Capstone publishing limited, 8 Newtec place Magdalen Road Oxford Ox4 IRE; United Kingdom 6. Sony the Private Life; by Nathan John; John; Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, New York 10003 Research Papers on Sony Corp. 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Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Amazon - Essay Example Amazon strives to offer the widest selection of both new and used products. They not only sell books in a wide category but also electronics, apparel, gift cards, shoes, accessories, watches, photography, software, tools and hardware, cameras, movies, toys, house items, computers, games, music, jewelry, magazine subscriptions, gourmet food, kitchenware, cellular phones, sports items, among others. This diversification of products has transformed Amazon into an all-in-one online retail store (Amazon.com). Amazon has focused on building a reputation to gain new customers and retain existing ones. The company calls itself the biggest bookstore in the world and has used diverse strategies to gain a positive online reputation. The company uses its extensive resources, communication strategies, positioning (name and motto), targeted advertising, and web design to create reputation as a leading book retailer and the leader in the online retail industry (Mellahi and Johnson). Amazon is the broadest discounter globally in whichever product type one chooses to buy. The company also offers loyalty packages, which come with massive benefits like getting movies without any additional cost. Amazon provides free shipping offers and customers can also avoid state sales tax. The company sells Kindle at a deficit ($59 instead of $79) and has a Price Check App. In relation to physical book retailers, Amazon prices are lower because of reduced transaction costs and streamlined distribution processes (Amazon.com). Amazon was the first company to start book retailing business model in the online platform and has made numerous innovations and significant research and developments (e.g. â€Å"one-click† shopping) to improve customer experience, hence, gaining support from the online community. Amazon is the first company to develop most of the currently known technologies in online retailing. The Amazon brand was

Portfolio Management based on Market Share and Market Growth Assignment

Portfolio Management based on Market Share and Market Growth - Assignment Example It was initially formed as a joint venture with Daimler-Benz AG of Germany. The company received a breakthrough by the launch of its first passenger car, The Tata Indica, in 1998. The company is headquartered in Mumbai, India. The company’s global recognition can be established by the fact that it is the fourth largest truck maker and third largest bus manufacturer in the world. The first Tata car was rolled out in the year 1954. Most of the production facilities of the company are located in India itself. Globally, Tata Motors have significant operational presence in UK, South Korea, Thailand and Spain apart from the market presence in Europe, Africa, Middle East, South America, South Asia and South East Asia. (Tata Motors, 2011) Some of the big ticket acquisitions and joint ventures inside and outside the country have helped Tata Motors to grow at a higher rate. Some of the big acquisitions made by Tata Motors are South Korea’s Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company, acqu isition of 21% stake in Spanish bus maker Hispano Carrocera and UK’s Jaguar Land Rover. Some of the notable joint ventures of Tata Motors are Tata Fiat in India, Tata Marcopolo and Thailand’s Thonburi Automotive Assembly Plant Company. Tata Motors has also made impact by introducing the world’s cheapest car Tata Nano in 2008. Even during such tremendous growth period, Tata Motors is highly impacted by globalisation. Globalisation has impacted Tata Motors in many ways. Increased competitions, technological advancement, marketing challenges, etc. are some of them. This essay will make a closer look into the various impacts of globalisation on Tata Motors. II. Theoretical Framework The impact of globalisation on Tata Motors can be analysed based on the various theories and models. Some of the models that can be used in this case are Pestel Framework, SWOT Analysis, 4 P’s, Porter’s Diamond Model and Boston Matrix. Using these tools will help to look cl osely into the globalisation issues of Tata Motors. Pestel Framework: Pestel framework will help to analyse Tata Motors regarding the challenges like political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. It can be said that most of the impacts of globalisation can be discussed under any of these six environmental factors. â€Å"By using the PESTEL framework we can analyse the many different factors in a firm's macro environment.† (Oxford University Press, 2007) Understanding the factor(s) that has the most impact is important to formulate future strategies for the company. Therefore, a PESTEL analysis will help to identify which factor(s) cause the most impact on the businesses and operations of Tata Motors. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is important in this case because it will help to identify the internal and external advantages and disadvantages for Tata Motors. â€Å"SWOT is the overall evaluation of a company’s strengths, weaknesses, oppo rtunities, and threats.† (Wang, 2007) Understanding the strong and weak areas of a company is extremely important in order to decide how well it can make use of the market

Five Guys Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Five Guys - Case Study Example The restaurant did not need to spend heavily for advertising the restaurant in order to gain more customers as the marketing of the restaurant was done through word of mouth. The satisfied customers were quite impressed by the way the food quality was maintained and the food itself made them market the product amongst their relatives which helped in increasing the number of customers. During 2002, the company decided to franchise their business with a plan of expanding at a very high rate of opening more than one thousand franchises towards the late 2011. The business even made a plan of making over one billion US dollars in sales. The plan was made along with the idea of maintaining the same quality of food and service in all the outlets they planned to start. Five Guys started operating as a restaurant and developed into chain of food business and the specialty of the business included French fries, hotdogs and hamburgers. The business is recognized as a fast casual dining business because of the quality service, food and rates they offer in their outlets. Casual fast dining is referred to those restaurants that offer high quality service and food but they do not offer full table service as regular restaurants. The ingredients used to produce food are of very high quality and their clean and tidy kitchen area is easily visible to the customers. The restaurant is renowned to offer an essence of the diners of the period of 50s along with the taste of homemade food of the same era. They have a restricted menu which allows them to focus on the quality of their specialty offering rather than diversifying their offerings and compromising the quality of their specialty items. The atmosphere and the food they are offering is such that they get the customer gets the comfort of sitting in an atmosphere of a dinning along with food that falls in the category of fast food, this technique of Five Guys is highly appreciated and attracts customers who are living in an

Hypoglycaemia in a Term Infant Form Diabetic Mother

Hypoglycaemia in a Term Infant Form Diabetic Mother Hypoglycaemia in a term infant form diabetic mother ASSIGNMENT TITLE: Critically analyse the care provided to an infant from a diabetic mother and family The following assignment will discuss the care of an infant within a special care baby unit, the care provided will be critically analysed and local, national guidelines and recent research associated with the care of the infant will be discussed. In order to ensure confidentiality and in accordance with Nursing and Midwifery Council (2015) the infant being discussed will be referred as Infant B. for the purposes of this assignment the nursing framework Casey, A. (1988), will be used. Casey model includes child, family, health, environment and nurse however to personalize the care provided the main focus within this assignment will be concerning blood glucose control though, temperature control, minimized pain, maintaining a safe environment, establishing feeds, communication and family centred care will be discussed as well in relation to blood glucose control. The rationale supporting the use of Casey model is said to focus on family centred care that is redefining the relationships in health care, increasing and becoming one of the main goals on the neonatal units across the world (Staniszewska et al., 2012). Casey, A. (1988) acknowledges the vital role of the parents and family and ensures the everyday care of the child through a partnership and negotiation between parents and family and the nurse (Casey and Mobbs, 1988; Patient- and Family-Centered Care and the Pediatricians Role, 2012). This assignment is focused on the care of infant B, born at term at 41 weeks and two days gestational age within an antenatal diagnosis of maternal diabetes mellitus type I with a birth weight of 3140 grams, over two consecutive night shifts. Admitted to special care with one day of life with diagnosis of hypoglycemia one of the most frequent causes of admission in this sector (NHS Improvement, 2016). The assessment of infant B. was performed at the moment of admission on the first day after transferred from post-natal unit as per Trust policy. An adequate assessment is a crucial component of nursing practice, mandatory for planning and provision of patient and family centred care (Staniszewska et al., 2012) fundamental for their professional accountability and responsibility RCN (2014.) IDM according with UNICEF (2013) are at risk and need to be correctly identified and managed appropriately. The definition of hypoglycemia in the newborn infant has remained controversial because of a lack of significant correlation among plasma glucose concentration, clinical signs, and long-term sequelae (WRIGHT and MARINELLI, 2014; Hay, et al 2009; UNICEF, 2013) Bulbul and Uslu (2016) concluded that there has been no substantial evidence-based progress in defining what constitutes clinically important neonatal hypoglycemia, particularly regarding how it relates to brain injury. However they consider clear the definition of transient and persistent hypoglycemia and their differences (Cornblath et al.,2000). Many authors have suggested a numeric definitions of hypoglycemia that are variable in postnatal age (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000; Harris at al, 2012; Hawdon 2013; Arya at al, 2013; Stomnaroska-Damcevski, 2015; Adamkin, 2016). The value 2.6mmol/l was adopted by many clinicians and by the Trust as well, however there is no scientific justification for this value (Wright and Marinelli, 2014). On admission infant B. presented with a low blood glucose level (BGL) of 1.3mmol/L, In order to increase blood glucose level, a peripheral venous line (PVL) was inserted in right foot as per Trust policy (2012) (NICE,2015), 10% Dextrose bolus administered, started intra venous fluids of 10% Dextrose and a nasogastric tube inserted. Blood glucose level checked 30mins after (NICE, 2015), level increased to 3.1 mmol/l. IV fluids started (60ml/kg/day) (NICE, 2015; BNF, 2015) and BGL checked 1-2 hours after. Frequency was based on infant B condition (Stomnaroska-Damcevski et al, 2015). Dextrose 10% is given to restore blood glucose levels and provide calories minimizing liver glycogen depletion (BNF, 2014). Administration of a 10%Dextrose is protocoled but this value, once more, it is not consensual in literature (BNF, 2010; Arya at al 2013; Adamkin, 2016). A bolus was given first, with higher concentration that infusion, to increase quicker the values and followed by the infusion to stabilize the levels (Adamkin, 2011). The goal is to achieve a blood glucose level of 2.6 to 9mmol/L (Rennie and Kendall, 2013). Frequent Dextrose bolus are not recommended (WHO, 1997) per risk of hyperosmolar cerebral oedema. A study developed by Heagarty (2016) showed significant benefits of oral dextrose gel as an option for treatment of symptomatic hypoglycemia. Shows that is most effective, well tolerated and reduce 50% the incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in high risk infants, but just for newborn babies in postnatal unit, not indicated for NICU admissions due to severity conditions (BNF, 2015). Hawdon et al (1994) describe a persistent effect and side-effects, and high doses can stimulate insulin release, that can be a reason why oral glucose gel it is not used in NICU. Other option is glucose water however studies (Wight and Marinelli, 2014) indicate that has insufficient energy and lack of protein. At delivery, glucose supply from mother to the infant stops, and consequently glucose concentrations decrease rapidly, until a exogenous source of glucose is available, the infant depends on his hepatic glucose production to face metabolic needs and maintain the homeostasis during the first few days (Boissieu et al. 1995; de Rooy and Hawdon, 2002). The pediatric endocrine society considers the first 48h of a health newborn infant a normal period of transitional hypoglycemia (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000; Merenstein and Gardner, 2011). Low ketones levels, inappropriate preservation of glycogen, and low glucose levels, are characteristics of this period and may activate mechanisms for brain protection (Adamkin, 2016; Standley, et al, 2016). Acute neurophysiological changes occur when human neonates are low in BGL and the long-term significance of these acute changes is not clear (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000). The presence of risks factors, as an infant from a diabetic mother (Rennie and Roberton, 2013) predisposing an infant to hypoglycemia, and increase the risk of persistent hypoglycemia (Thornton et al., 2015). Highlighting the risk factors may determine an appropriate management and a proper planning since the delivery (Lang, 2014) and according with UNICEF (2013) IDM are at risk and need to be correctly identified and managed appropriately. Based on this we can consider infant B a high risk baby to develop hypoglycemia with risk for persistent hypoglycemia. As an IDM, infant B. developed in postnatal period a hypoglycemia episode, this can be considering a transitional hypoglycemia that is caused by hyperinsulinemia (Stanley at, 2015). A study developed by Isles, Dickson and Farquhar (1968) suggests IDM removes glucose quicker than babies from a non-diabetic mother, and that comes from the ability to produce more insulin based on memory of levels experienced in utero. Hyperinsulinism is the most common cause of increased utilization of glucose, and can be temporary, for example when the fetus has been in contact with a hyperglycemic environment by poorly controlled maternal diabetes, (Rennie and Roberton, 2013). In this stage is important to screen for transient and persistent hypoglycemia, the last one with high risk to develop permanent hypoglycemia and consequently induced brain injury (Adamkin, 2011). Neonatal hypoglycemia is commonly asymptomatic but non-specific and extremely variable signs can be presented (Merenstein and Gardner, 2011). In the Trust we apply N-PASS scale to assess pain, agitation and sedation (Hummel et al, 2004) Neurological manifestation as irritability, jitteriness, lethargy, seizure and cardiorespiratory manifestations like cyanosis, pallor, apnea, irregular respirations, tachypnea and cardiac arrest can be presented. Infant B on admission had an appropriate crying not irritable, appropriate behavior, relaxed facial expression, normal tone and with vital signs in normal range. N-PASS scale was applied every three hours when vital signs evaluated, on every procedure and every time that was appropriate. Hypoglycemia cannot be defined only based on single BGL, has to contextualize with infant and mother history (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000). A study developed by Eidelman and Samueloff (2002) associate directly physiopathology of an IDM with metabolic processes including fetal hyperglycemia and fetal hyperinsulinemia, this fetal hypermetabolic state promote somatic growth, obesity, and metabolic disturbance in short and long-term consequences. Diabetic control early in pregnancy is associated with normal neurodevelopment outcome, but according with Schwartz and Teramo, (2000), blood glucose control increases their importance during the pregnancy and especially during the labor and delivery. IDM according with WHO (1997) as high risk for hypoglycemia however, Hawdon (2015) and NICE (2015) says if prenatal and intrapartum are followed by a specialist and monitored this babies should be treated in a first approach as a low risk infant, and the baby can stay with the mother after birth to monitor BGL for 24h or 12h if stable (Adamkin, 2011). IDM is not an indication to be admitted in the neonatal unit. Managing a baby asymptomatic with confirmed hypoglycemia relies on continuing breastfeeding but now more frequently (Amended, 2015), feed 1-3ml/kg (up to 5ml/kg if needed) of expressed breastmilk (EBM) or substitute nutrition (formula, donor human milk) (NICE, 2013; Hegarty, 2016). Increasing frequency will provide more colostrum for the baby, will stimulate the breast to produce more milk, its a moment to practice skin-to-skin, provides a relaxing healthy moment for both encouraging bounding (Adamkin, 2016) Infant B. developed hypoglycemia in post-natal unit and formula milk was started, to receive proper neonatal care had to be separated from mom. This fact interfered with breastfeeding, production of breast milk and bonding between mother and newborn (Sparshott, M., 1997). Mother B didn ´t have any milk production and that was a trigger for a stressful situation. Assessment of knowledge of all situation was done; emotional support was given, educated and encouraged to continuing breastfeeding, explained importance of breastmilk. Colostrum is the first milk produced by a mother, as a high concentration of nutrient and sugar and ideal to help blood glucose level to reach acceptable values (Wight and Marinelli, 2014). Breastmilk is preferred to formula for association with increase of ketones production (Hawdon et al 1992) and lower blood glucose values in term babies fed with formula, related with insulinogenic effect of protein in formula (Lucas et al, 1981). In partnership with mother B. was planned to stop formula milk when possible and all the EBM expressed was given to infant B. Encourage skin-to-skin contact and unlimited access to breast. (Wight and Marinelli, 2014) It is extensively documented in the literature (Tessier, (1998); Almeida et al., 2010; Heidarzadeh et al., 2013; Blackman, 2013) that kangaroo care provides health benefits not only for the infant but also for parents. A study performed by Heidarzadeh et al. (2013) conclude 62.5% of the mothers that provide kangaroo care to their babies were discharged from the hospital exclusively breastfeeding their babies, comparing with 37.5% of the group that didnt provide kangaroo care. Almeida et al. (2010) in a similar study concludes 82% on discharge go home exclusive breastfeeding. Blackman in 2013 performed a study where one of the subjects evaluated was blood glucose level when provided kangaroo care and results were significantly higher comparing with infants that didnt rece ived. Tessier in 1998 cit by Poppy Steering Group (2009) conclude kangaroo care reduce maternal anxiety, and increase a mothers sense of competence and sensitivity towards her infant. After birth, one of the most important changes is related with metabolism energy and thermoregulation. Infant B. is a term baby however, is a newborn and the risk of disturbance of the thermoregulation is present (Arya at al 2013). A newborn after birth, loses heat immediately by evaporation, convection, conduction and radiation, dependent on the ambient air pressure, temperature and humidity and the temperature of surrounding surfaces (Waldron and Mackinnon, 2007) The newborn has an ability to control and balance temperature, glucose and oxygen perfusion constitute the energy triangle (Aylott, 2005) Variations in this gradual transition can result in disturbances of the neonate regulation such as neonatal hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Infant B. had initially presented with an axilla temperature of 37.1 °C, normothermic according with World Health Organization (2006), whilst nursed in an open cot. To prevent variations in temperature infant B. was dressed with a vest and Babygro, a hat and wrapped with a shawl and a light blanket on top NHS (2015) and nursed away from draughts and windows to reduce heat loss by convection (Vilinsky and Sheridan, 2014). Furthermore, care was taken to reduce over exposure of the infant due to procedures, as minimize handling and promoting kangaroo care. World Health Organization (1997) describes kangaroo care as a method to keep babies warm and improve the experience during painful procedures as heel pricks (Johnson, 2007). In order to avoid overheat, as Trust policy, temperature was monitored every three hours by use of a tempadot placed under the axilla for 3minutes and room temperature was set at 24-26 °C. It is essential that neonates are nursed within their neutral thermal environment, defined as a temperature where a baby with normal body temperature has a minimal metabolic rate and minimal oxygen consumption (Waldron and Mackinnon, 2007). Hypothermia can lead harmful effects as hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, hypoxia, metabolic acidosis and failure to gain weight (McCall et al, 2010). During this two night shift, Infant B. was able to maintain his temperature. Detect pain in a neonate it ´s a challenge for multiple factors, a complete and efficient evaluation results in an adequate plan of interventions. As referred previously, N-PASS scale it is adopted by the Trust as a tool to assess pain in neonates. Infant B is exposed to frequent acute pain for heel pricks for evaluation of BGG and cannula in left foot. On admission pain score 0 but during the procedures pain score 1 with consolable crying, tachypneic, tachycardic and clenched Non-nutritional sucking with and without sucrose, swaddling or facilitated tucking and kangaroo care are non-pharmacological techniques adopted to minimize pain to infant B. (2016). Non-nutritional sucking demonstrates to be effective to calm and decrease, particularly mild and moderate pain experienced by the neonate and behaviour responses to pain (Liaw et al., 2010). Baby regulates and organizes himself and relief pain through sucking with no nutritional intake objective. Sucrose effect is mediated by endogenous opioid pathways activated by sweet taste (Gibbins and Stevens, 2001). Beyond non-nutritional sucking, others interventions can be applied, and most of them in partnership with family and parents. Individualised developmental care to include family, explained how to reposition the baby in a comfortable way, swaddling and nesting, and during the procedure containment holding. Encourage parents to touch the neonate and talk with him. If the procedure allowed, do kangaroo care. Minimize painful procedures and clustering, discuss with parents schedules and develop a plan with team. Manipulate the environment decreasing noise and light (Sparshott, 1997). An approach based in recognition and appreciation of parents roles, siblings and other family member allow the nurse to recognise critical steps on the care pathway (Staniszewska et al., 2012) Maximising opportunities for communication with parents/ family increasing confidence in role as a parent and supporting parents-infant relationship. Within the special care unit family-centred care is essential as is advocated by the unit in which the care was being received. During this episode infant B. was placed in a normal cot, because he is a term infant and able to maintain his temperature. This fact allowed his mother as well to be more closed, with no physical barriers. The poppy Steering group (2009) indicate through the needs of parents with an infant requiring neonatal support, the findings show that parents need to have the opportunity to get to know their babies, emotional support, involvement in care and decision making and to establish effective communication with health care staff. When mother B. was able to attend the unit she appeared worried and anxious about not being with infant B. in port-natal ward. It was clear that she saw the change to a different place as a barrier. Explained that she can stay all day and night with infant B. only in handover time, she need to leave for 30 mins, was discussed the bette r time for cares and handling the baby for procedures. Infant B. father was not in the unit during the night, went home to rest, nursing staff were the only support available to her. A study developed by the poppy steering group (2009), showed evidence that improved communication and involvement in their baby ´s care promotes positive parent-child interaction and attachment. It is important for them to have the opportunity to spend time with their baby and know them in partnership with the nurse that is responsible to provide emotional support and provide involvement in care being open to discuss decisions to be made and stablishing effective communication. Mother B. referred that the possibility to do skin-to-skin when it is appropriate for her and for her baby, helped her to cope with sensation of losing control of her baby. Create opportunities for the mom to feel participative in the care, especially during feeding time, like helping with nasogastric feeding encourage bounding and promote attachment in situations of separation between mother and infant. (Bliss, 2011) In second night shift Infant B. remains on IV fluids, intravenous infusion rate was increased to 90ml/kg/day, as per Trust policy. Infant B was able to maintain blood glucose levels between 3.1-4.2mmol/L. Following Trust guidelines supported by NICE (2015), glucose measurements are now twice a day after two consecutive measurements above 2.6mmol/L if infant B developed symptoms of hypoglycemia frequency will be increased. Stablishing breastfeeding but followed by top up ´s through nasogastric tube (2mls every 2 hours) (Wight and Marinelli, 2014) given all EBM available and formula milk to achieve amount of milk that infant B needs. Intravenous fluids as decreased as feeds increased, titrating, to meet infant B intake requirements. Infant B was tolerating well his feeds, abdominal not distended and soft, minimal milky aspirates the plan is normalizing baby, decreasing amout of fluid given by intravenous line and increase feeds hoping baby can return to post-natal unit in the next day. Screening high risk babies is other controversial intervention. A utilization of a tool to screen universally IDM after birth will allow more accurate assessments. NICE, 2013 preconize a standard approach, considering IDM healthy babies until any underling condition appears. However Stomnaroska-Damcevski et al (2015) thinks that assessment is important and. Tools like CRIBS and SNAPPE both based in specific criteria but different between should be used. BGL checked by test-strips provides a estimative value, vary 0.5-1mmol/l (Hay et al, 2009) laboratory enzymatic methods is the most accurate method, but results not quick enough for rapid diagnosis, delaying potential interventions and treatment. A Test-strips is important but must be confirmed by a laboratory testing, however the treatment shouldnt be delayed in order to wait for the values, preventing neurologic damage. (Polin, Yoder and Burg, 2001, Adamkin, 2011) All literature consensual in therapeutic through IV dextrose bolus, and IV dextrose continuing infusion, increasing to 12.5% dextrose if values not stable (NICE,2013; Stomnaroska-Damcevski et al ;2015) but when start therapeutic interventions remains not clear. Need more research about oral glucose gel, and more studies about hypoglycaemia to try to understand values of reference and what is dangerous for infant. NICE, 2013, recommends an individualized approach to management with treatment personalized to the specific disorder, taking in mind patient safety and family preferences. Ungraded best practice statement. The available studies are inconclusive and ambivalent about the subject of hypoglycaemia. Primary studies about blood glucose levels are old, and that fact can compromised the conclusion of the case study for up to date resources. Flexibility of sources becomes easy to get lost in the main questions. A case study it ´s about a particular subject and become individualized losing the relevance. However the context of the phenomenon subject of study is explored in its context with is significance and understanding (Gerrish, K. and Lacey, 2006). This subject is something that we expect to see improving and more reflexion about practice. Diversity of literature helps contextualize diferent prespective through the time. Explain to women with insulin-treated pre-existing diabetes that they are at increased risk of hypoglycaemia in the postnatal period, especially when breastfeeding, and advise them to have a meal or snack available before or during feeds. 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